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英语swip control有误，正确英文应该是switch control，翻译成中文是：“开关控制”。

重点词汇：control

一、单词音标

control单词发音：英?[k?n?trl]美?[k?n?tro?l]。

二、单词释义

n.?管理权；控制；管理；操纵装置

v.?控制，管理；抑制；限制

三、词形变化

动词过去式:?controlled

动词过去分词:?controlled

动词现在分词:?controlling

动词第三人称单数:?controls

复数:?controls

四、短语搭配

control a country?控制一个国家

control a scientific experiment?控制一个科学实验

control accounts?查账

control activities of a group?控制团体活动

control an organization?控制一个组织

control cancer of the prostate?控制前列腺癌

五、词义辨析

control，direct，govern，manage，rule，supervise，administer这些动词均有“管理、支配”之意。

control含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。

direct侧重行使领导或指导权。

govern侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗含能力和知识的运用。

manage强调对具体事务机构进行管理，有时含受权管理或处理之意。

rule强调用绝对或独裁的权力来管理或统治。

supervise侧重指运用本身的或被授予的权力来管理、检查工作，含监督意味。

administer指官方的或正式的对事务的管理。

六、双语例句

It?took?two?hours?to?bring?the?fire?under?control.?

花了两个小时才控制住火势。

The?police?force?should?be?independent?of?direct?government?control.?

警方应该不受政府的直接控制。

Can't?you?control?your?children

你就不能管管你这些孩子？

A?new?system?has?been?devised?to?control?traffic?in?the?city.?

控制城市交通的新系统已经设计出来。

A?new?advance?has?been?made?in?the?control?of?malaria.?

在控制疟疾方面已取得新的进展。

求英语高人帮我翻译一段管理学里面的话，不要翻译器翻译的，事后追加100

英文翻译：

How is project management?

汉语翻译：

项目管理是管理学科的一个分支，项目管理的定义是:指专业知识、技能、工具和方法的项目活动。

在有限的资源条件下，使项目能够在有限的条件下，达到或超过设定过程的需要和期望。

项目管理是对某些活动(例如任务)的总体监控和控制，这些活动成功地实现了一系列目标。

这包括计划、调度和维护组成项目的活动的进度。

一个项目的成败通常汇集着人为及本身的复杂因素，除了项目数据要确保实时精准以便管理层科学决策外，项目实施过程中还有非常复杂的人为因素需要去控制。

比如计划偏离实际、需求沟通不畅、责任划分不明、资源分配不均等。这些问题如果不处理好，将给企业的项目管理带来阻碍，也会拖缓项目进度、延误项目实施。

求救中文翻译英文

19世纪末20世纪初的美国和欧洲，资本主义企业取得一定的发展，对管理的要求日益强烈。这一时期，组织理论的研究分为三个派别：科学管理学派、行政管理学派、官僚体制学派。

以泰罗为代表的科学管理学派主张实行职能管理制，不仅要单独设置职能管理机构，还要在职能管理机构内部的各项管理职能之间实行专业化和标准化的分工，使所有的职能人员只承担1至2项管理职能；提出权利下放的例外原则，使上下级之间实行合理分工，上级把一般性的日常事物授权给下级管理人员去处理，只保留例外特殊管理事物的决策权和对下级工作的监督权。

法约尔是行政管理学派的代表人物，他提出了管理的五个基本的职能，即计划、组织、指挥、协调和控制，并认为组织职能是一项非常重要的职能；同时他又提出了直线—职能制的组织模式，设计了一种为解决上下级之间跨越统一的指挥链而进行直接联系的组织形式，即“法约尔跳板”；他也概括了包括组织职能在内的14条一般管理原则。

韦伯的科层制理论认为组织治理机制有三种基础：其一是理性基础，即组织建立在对权力和法规的信念之上，并通过相应的规则来组织活动；其二是传统基础，即组织建立在古老传统和统治身份的神圣信念之上；其三是魅力基础，即组织建立在具体的、非同寻常的个人及其统治方式之上；同时韦伯用合理—合法的职权观念论证了官僚制存在的合理性，对官僚制的组织形式的结构提出了自己的看法：官僚制的组织结构应该分为三层，顶端是主要负责人，主要职能是决策，中间层是一般管理人员，主要职能是执行主要负责人做出的决策，底部是业务人员，主要职能是从事具体的业务工作。韦伯论证了个人行为的合理性和社会秩序的合法性，形成了经典性的“官僚组织理论”，被称为“组织理论之父”。

古利特和厄威克的组织理论是建立在泰罗和韦伯的组织理论基础之上。古利克提出了著名的“管理七职能论”，并认为组织的目标是协调，厄威克提出组织理论的八条原则。他们的理论标志着“古典管理组织理论”体系的形成。

古典组织理论构造了集权型层级制的组织结构，这种组织结构的表现形式适应了社会生产体制由作坊式小生产体制向工厂化的社会化大生产的体制的转化，促进了组织效率的提高和生产力的发展。古典组织结构理论用其科学和理性的准确性、严格性和普遍性来解释组织结构的变化原因，理论的重点放在组织管理的基本原则的概括和分析上。

问题补充：说了不要翻译机器翻译的啦~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The late 19th century early 20th century the United States and Europe, the capitalist enterprises to obtain a certain degree of development of the growing management requirements. This period, the study of organization theory is divided into three factions: the scientific management school, school administration, school bureaucracy.

To Taylor's scientific management represented in favor of the functions of school management system, not only to separate the functions of regulatory agencies, but also the functions of regulatory agencies in various management functions within the specialization and standardization between the division of labor, so that all the functions of staff only 1-2 assume management functions; made an exception to the principle of decentralization, so that on a reasonable division of labor between the lower level, the higher the日常事物general managers delegated to lower levels to deal with and retain only exceptions to special management and decision-making power of things to supervise the work of subordinates.

Fayol is representative of school administration, he put forward five basic management functions of planning, organizing, directing, coordination and control, and that the organization is a very important function of the functions; the same time, he also raised the a straight line - the functions of model-based organization designed to address a cross-between superiors and their subordinates and unified chain of command directly linked to the organizational form, that is, "a springboard Fayol"; He also summarized the functions include the organization, including 14 general management principles.

Weber's bureaucracy theory suggests that there are three organizations based on governance mechanisms: One is the rational basis, that is, organizations based on the belief in the power and regulations on, and the corresponding rules to organize activities; the other is the traditional foundation, that is, organizations built on the rule of the ancient traditions and beliefs on the identity of the sacred; The third is the charm of the foundation, that is, organizations based on specific and unusual on individuals and their governance; At the same time, Weber reasonable - the terms of the concept of legal argumentation the existence of a bureaucratic system of the reasonableness of the system of bureaucratic forms of organization structure of the views of their own: the organizational structure of the bureaucratic system should be divided into three tiers, the top is the main person in charge, the main functions of the decision-making, the middle layer is the general managers The main function is to make the implementation of the main person in charge of decision-making, at the bottom of the business, the main function is to engage in specific operations. Weber demonstrates the rationality of individual behavior and the legitimacy of social order, forming a classic of the "theory of bureaucratic organization," known as the "father of organization theory."

Gullit and Urwick of organization theory is based on Taylor and Weber's organization theory foundation. Gulick proposed the famous "seven functions of management theory" and that the goal of organizations is to coordinate, to organizations Urwick eight principles of the theory. Their theory indicates that "the classical theory of management" system formation.

Classical organization theory-based structure of the centralized system-level organizational structure, which form the organizational structure of the performance of the system to adapt to the social production by small-scale production workshops to the factory system of large-scale production of the social transformation of the system, and promote organizational efficiency and the development of productive forces. Classical theory of organizational structure and rational use of its scientific accuracy, rigor and universality to explain the reasons for the changes in organizational structure, focusing on the theory of the basic principles of organization and management of general and analysis.

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